which ecosystem likely has the highest biodiversity?

At first glance, we can identify different plants, including cattails and water lilies. Protected areas can perform numerous benefits by preserving ecosystems and the services flowing from them, provided they are managed effectively (Oberle, Mackinnon, & Sandwith, 2021), (Carroll & Ray, 2021), (MacKinnon, Dudley, & Sandwith, 2011). Genetic diversity even prevents diseases and helps species adjust to changes in their environment. Ecosystems include deserts, grasslands, and rainforests. Alikhanova, S., Bull, J.W. The Elements of Biodiversity - Biological Diversity The water consumption associated with afforestation is another issue that needs to be further evaluated (Tew, Vanguelova, & Sutherland, 2021), (Yao, Fu, Liu, Wang, & Song, 2021), (An, Chang, Han, Khamzina, & Son, 2020), as there is a high threat of depleting groundwater resources in dry areas through afforestation (Kumar, Khamzina, Knfel, Lamers, & Tischbein, 2021), (Zhang, Sun, Huettmann, & Liu, 2022). The relative cost-efficiency of NbS (Bonn, Allott, Evans, Joosten, & Stoneman, 2016), (Girardin, et al., 2021) has led to their increased popularity recently.NbS offer quite a range of benefits (Seddon, et al., 2020), (Girardin, et al., 2021), including biodiversity conservation, ecosystem restoration, climate change mitigation and adaptation.As drylands around the world are projected to . California has the most imperiled biodiversity of any state in the contiguous United States. Regions with cold or dry conditions, such as mountaintops anddeserts, have even less.Generally, the closer a region is to theEquator, the greater the biodiversity. Arid Land Res Manag 33:3754. We go on to specifically consider the possibility of applying selected NbS approaches in the Aral Sea region of Uzbekistan, as a case study of a dryland ecosystem illustrating major environmental and social challenges. According to Walter Jetz, an ecologist who leads Yale Universitys biodiversity mapping efforts, its essential that policymakers make data-driven decisions about which areas to protect. One of the greatest threats to biodiversity is habitat loss. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002679910039, Li J, Chen H, Zhang C, Pan T (2019) Variations in ecosystem service value in response to land use/land cover changes in Central Asia from 1995-2035. Evidence is growing that insects are in decline, but each of us can take steps to help. You cannot download interactives. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139177788.021, Carroll C, Ray JC (2021) Maximizing the effectiveness of national commitments to protected area expansion for conserving biodiversity and ecosystem carbon under climate change. Glob Planet Change 110:114129. Survival and reproduction of Artemia are influenced by a number of factors, among which the most significant is the salinity and water temperature (Marden, et al., 2012), (Qi, et al., 2021), (Aladin, et al., 2018). (2020a) https://lex.uz/ru/docs/5091575, Di Sacco A, Hardwick KA, Blakesley D, Brancalion PH, Breman E, Cecilio Rebola L, Antonelli A (2021) Ten golden rules for reforestation to optimize carbon sequestration, biodiversity recovery and livelihood benefits. Adv Sustain Syst 5. https://doi.org/10.1002/adsu.202000146, Tew ER, Vanguelova EI, Sutherland WJ (2021) Alternative afforestation options on sandy heathland result in minimal long-term changes in mineral soil layers. Scientists have estimated that there are around 8.7 million species of plants and animals in existence. In areas with lots of biodiversity, insects and other creatures pollinate plants naturally. An additional nested search was performed to expand the general results to the geographic case study region of focus, using the following combinations (TITLE-ABS-KEY) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, English, Russian)): nature-based AND solutions AND Central Asia, nature-based AND solutions AND Aral Sea, ecosystem-based AND Aral Sea, rangeland AND Aral Sea, grassland AND Aral Sea, wetland AND Aral Sea. (Schlter, et al., 2013), some of the wetlands in the Aral Sea region are being maintained using drainage water. The system is dynamic and thus offers a wide range of species. Local, national, andinternational organizations are cooperating to preserve the biodiversity of regions threatened by development or natural disasters.UNESCOsWorld Heritage Siteprogram recognizes areas of global importance, such as the enormous wetland region of thePantanalin South America. Department of Biology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, OX1 3SZ, Oxford, UK, Shahzoda Alikhanova&Joseph William Bull, You can also search for this author in Failure among afforestation efforts was more frequent compared to reforestation due to the fact that trees did not naturally occur in areas where they were planted. Some of the activities have direct effects on species and ecosystems, such as habitat loss and degradation, overexploitation (such as overfishing), and the spread of non-native species and diseases. High niche diversity refers to the presence of multiple traits in the same or different species, which is a characteristic of ecosystems with a high biodiversity. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/LTD/N21/115/89/pdf/N2111589.pdf? IUCN has set out a Global Standard for Nature-Based Solutions (IUCN, 2020), which defines eight criteria for addressing societal, economic, and environmental dimensions for NbS design and implementation (Fig. APES Unit 2 AP Classroom questions Flashcards | Quizlet The government of Uzbekistan has officially stated that it will now be impossible to restore the Aral Sea to its former (pre-1960) state, and has instead committed to mitigate the consequences of this ecological disaster on human wellbeing, environment and the local economy. Looking at samples of soil or water through a microscope reveals a whole world of bacteria and other tiny organisms. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-018-0073-3. They include everything from cleaning water and absorbing chemicals, which wetlands do, to providing oxygen for us to breatheone of the many things that plants do for people. As reported by Schlter, et al. Animals like the black-footed ferret and California condor are represented, but so are groups often left out of such analyses: species of bees, butterflies, fish, mussels, crayfish and flowering plants. in pea plants, round peas (R) are dominant to wrinkled peas (r). Australia's biodiversity is in steep decline, posing major risks to human health. Tech. Saigachiy complex (landscape) nature reserveFootnote 4 total area; 6283km2, year of designation: 2016. The Standard stipulates that for an approach to be considered as NbS it is imperative for it to provide simultaneous benefits to biodiversity and human well-being (IUCN, 2020). A water ecosystem with high niche diversity and warm water temperatures will likely have a high biodiversity. An exosystem is the system of ecological interaction of different environments and can be on land and in water. Dry areas are reported to be among the most vulnerable to land degradation caused by climate change and anthropogenic activities (UNCCD, 2017), and, in case of the global temperature rise over targeted 1,5C, they will be more susceptible to increased surface warming than humid areas. https://rsis.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/rsiswp_search/exports/Ramsar-Sites-annotated-summary-Uzbekistan.pdf?1647505458, The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Statistics. Protected areas (PA) that lead to biodiversity conservation and climate mitigation benefits could represent a cost-effective nature-based solution (Mackinnon, Mrema, Richardson, Cooper, & Gidda, 2021), (Roberts, OLeary, & Hawkins, 2020). As drylands around the world are projected to become more vulnerable under increasing temperature changes, and Central Asia is expected to be a climate change hotspot in the coming years with increased average temperature and decreased precipitation (Li, Ma, & Zhang, 2020), there is an acute need to mitigate and to adapt to the consequences of climate change by applying sustainable and resilient solutions for which NbS qualify. Reports also state that areas covered by drylands are expected to substantially expand by the end of the 21st century reaching almost 60% of the global land coverage (UNCCD, 2017), (Prvlie, 2016), (Feng & Fu, 2013). versus benefits (e.g., fisheries development, biodiversity restoration, income opportunities and etc.). Identifying and understanding the relationships between all the life on Earth are some of . High niche diversity refers to the presence of multiple traits in the same or different species, which is a characteristic of ecosystems with a high biodiversity. The Agency of the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea, established in 1998 specifically to implement projects of the Aral Sea Basin Programs (Agency of the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea, 2022a), has been undertaking activities on restoring and creating wetlands in the southern Aral Sea region with the financial support of the government of Uzbekistan since 1995 (Agency of the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea, 2022b). Take the Clean Earth Challenge and help make the planet a happier, healthier place. Scientists have studied only a small percentage of rainforest species in their search for cures. What is Biodiversity? - Definition and Relation to Ecosystem Stability Right now, about 13 percent of the United States is permanently protected and managed primarily for biodiversity, according to the United States Geological Survey. Many cases reported on not the actual implementation and outcomes of NbS, but rather on the potential of adopting specific approaches (e.g., agroforestry/intercropping on marginal lands, application of halophytes to restore degraded soil on grazelands) as a tool to rehabilitate degraded land and wetlands. 1 for the world map of drylands). Southern Appalachia is a hotspot for species at risk of vanishing. In the long term, populations of Central Asian countries are likely to suffer from the severe consequences of land degradation, desertification and food security issues imposed by climate change if no immediate actions for adaptation and mitigation are taken. A single coral reef can shelter 3,000 species of fish and other sea creatures such as clams and sea stars. We consequently include it as a type of nature-based solution in this review. UN Report: Nature's Dangerous Decline 'Unprecedented'; Species The . Nationwide, the Interior Department is seeking public input until March 7 on questions such as what should count as conserved land and waters under President Bidens 30 percent commitment. Examples of species include blue whales, white-tailed deer, white pine trees, sunflowers, and microscopic bacteria that can't even be seen by the naked eye. (2020b) https://lex.uz/ru/docs/5123920, Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on additional measures related to the organization of protected areas on forestlands. The authors declare no competing interests. They're all part of the species biodiversity of this small ecosystem. Also, NbS are considered amongst those tools with the greatest potential to reach the UN Sustainable Development Goals (Dubey, Singh, Chaurasia, Pandey, & Singh, 2021), (Gmez Martn, Giordano, Pagano, van der Keur, & Mez Costa, 2020), which Uzbekistan has committed to achieving by 2030 (The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Statistics, 2022). Across the continental United States, private land makes up almost 70 percent of areas with important concentrations of unprotected imperiled species, the researchers found. Glob Change Biol 27:13281348. Some species have as many as 400,000 genes. (Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Additional measures for the creation of forests in the regions and of the green cover in the Aral Sea region, 2020b), (Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the establishment of South Ustyurt National Park (in Uzbek language), 2020a), (Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on additional measures related to the organization of protected areas on forestlands, 2022), My Garden in the Aral Sea International innovation Centre for Aral Sea basin under the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan (iic-aralsea.org), FAO classification of soil types (Schad, 2014), Abdalla K, Mutema M, Chivenge P, Everson C, Chaplot V (2022) Grassland rehabilitation significantly increases soil carbon stocks by reducing net soil CO2 emissions. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. Hence, the degradation of rangelands in Central Asia represents a substantial threat to the communities who rely upon them, having been long engaged in pastoralism. Biodiversity includesplants,animals, fungi, and other living things. Monitoring of afforested lands and soil quality monitoring could have substantially improved survival rates of saxaul and other shrubby plantations in the Aralkum. Biodiversity is the richness of life in all of its forms, from genes to ecosystems. As a result, the same areas of land are sown several times over a number of years to increase the vegetation cover. That includes 29 percent of all amphibians, 21 percent of all mammals, and 12 percent of all birds. Precious Heritage: The Status of Biodiversity in the United States. Its why some people have brown eyes and some people have blue eyes.Greater genetic diversity in species can make plants and animals more resistant todiseases. These are afforestation, wetland restoration, rangeland restoration and protected areas establishment in Karakalpakstan, an autonomous region in the far-western part of Uzbekistan. Governance challenges in terms of cooperation among various agencies to effectively conduct research and development, and subsequent monitoring of interventions implemented. It can be studied on many levels. (2022, April 20). Wetlands in the Aral Sea basin were reported to have been impacted by anthropogenic activities that led to the degradation of vegetation in the riparian zone (Jiang, Jiapaer, Bao, Guo, & Ndayisaba, 2017), (Kasprzykowski, Goawski, Mitrus, & Staski, 2014). Desertification of rangelands in the study area has been ongoing due to the misuse of resources (mainly overgrazing), oil and gas exploration, climatic factors (reduced precipitation and droughts), overharvesting of fuel wood, unsustainable agricultural activities (Jiang, Jiapaer, Bao, Guo, & Ndayisaba, 2017), (Toderich, et al., 2013a), (Shaumarov, et al., 2012). o innate immune system The final set of publications was analysed thematically as they were grouped into dryland ecosystem types (i.e., rangelands/grasslands, heathland, desert, wetlands) according to the search keywords used. The final list was formed based on the recently formalized definition of nature-based solutions by the IUCN neglecting small-scale interventions, which in some cases the authors considered to represent NbS. Many of the corals buildcoral reefs, which are home to hundreds more species, from tinyseaweeds to large sharks.Some places in the world have a large number ofendemic speciesspecies that exist only in that place. Maps like these offer a valuable tool to officials and conservationists who are scrambling to protect biodiversity. Organisms that have evolved to be so different from one another that they can no longer reproduce with each other are considered different species. But human activity has changed the natural processes of extinction and evolution. The fields, forests, andwetlands where wild plants and animals live are disappearing. Conservation efforts are necessary to preserve biodiversity and protect endangered species and their habitats. We conducted a systematic review on the topic of nature-based solutions in terrestrial dryland ecosystems around the world, with a specific focus on the Aral Sea region in Uzbekistan. The governments of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan have been undertaking large-scale afforestation activities on the dried-out Aral Seabed over the past several decadesFootnote 1 to mitigate the impacts of frequent dust storms both on the population and the environment. Springer Netherlands. Theroot systemof plants helps prevent flooding. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by SA. The plants need healthy soil to grow. A wealth of research into the relationships among diversity, stability, and ecosystem functioning has been conducted in recent years (reviewed by Balvanera et al. To reach its commitments to increase the percentage of protected areas with respect to the total territory, the government of Uzbekistan almost tripled the area of PAs in Karakalpakstan in 20212022 alone. NbS can often incorporate traditional knowledge, and should ideally involve a wide range of stakeholders - in particular, local communities. 184. If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6652-5_13, Toderich KN, Shuyskaya EV, Taha FK, Matsuo N, Ismail S, Aralova DB, Radjabov TF (2013b) Integrating agroforestry and pastures for soil salinity management in dryland ecosystems in Aral Sea basin. Gland: IUCN Publications Unit, IUCN (2017) Drylands and land degradation. However, temperatures above warm will affect biodiversity as oxygen is less soluble in hot waters and some species do not survive in this condition. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12790, Agency of the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea. As reported by Li et al. Nature-based solutions, as a recently emerged approach for sustainably mitigating and adapting to environmental challenges, have gained considerable attention in the scientific literature recently. Int J Appl Earth Observ Geoinform 105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2021.102635, Zhang L, Sun P, Huettmann F, Liu S (2022) Where should China practice forestry in a warming world? Sci Total Environ 709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136060, Lioubimtseva E, Henebry GM (2009) Climate and environmental change in arid Central Asia: Impacts, vulnerability, and adaptations. Which ecosystem has the highest biodiversity? Find out more information about biodiversity. Biodiversity is not distributed equally over the globe; several factors combine to create so-called hotspots . Toderich et al. The forests of Maine differ from the forests of Colorado by the types of species found in both ecosystems, as well as the temperature and rainfall. Biosyst Eng 81:334. Review of Nature-based Solutions in Dryland Ecosystems: the - Springer Antarctica, covered almost entirely by an ice sheet, has low biodiversity. You cannot download interactives. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2011.10.004, Matsui K, Watanabe T, Kussainova M, Funakawa S (2019) Soil properties that determine the mortality and growth of Haloxylon aphyllum in the Aral region, Kazakhstan. We conducted a systematic literature review to explore the potential opportunities for the application of NbS in rural drylands across the globe. These two seemingly similar ecosystems have a lot of differences that make them both special. Lack of monitoring is another issue determining the success of afforestation in the Aral Sea region. Agenda item 19. One of the most popular and safe pain relievers,aspirin, was originally made from the bark of willow trees. Biodiversity includes the full range of species that live in an area. Endemic speciesspecies that are only found in one particular locationare also found in hotspots. States of the Union: Ranking America's Biodiversity - NatureServe
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