what is intra row spacing in agriculture

[1] also reported that the tallest plant height was recorded from wider spacing 40cm intrarow spacing than 30cm spacing. 4, pp. Mondal MMA. The interaction of intra- and interrow spacing of 20120cm resulted in higher plant height. These are examples of soybean diseases favored by extended periods of leaf or soil surface wetness. Crop Geometry with detail explanation - Agri learner In contrast to this result, other researchers reported that higher number of marketable and unmarketable fruits was obtained in wider plant spacing [4, 17]. California Privacy Statement, http://www.tropentag.de/2012/abstracts/full/659.pdf, http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/visualize. Performance & security by Cloudflare. The authors want to declare that they can submit the data at whatever time based on your request. Gondar Agricultural Research Center, P.O. This particular study saw greater yields in 7.5-inch rows than 15-inch. Animal and Plant Health Regulatory Directorate, Issue No. Unmarketable fruit weight per plant (kg ha1): fruits with cracks, rotting, damage by insects, diseases, and birds, and sunburn, as well as extra small-sized fruits (<20g) which were collected from the two middle rows, were considered as unmarketable and, then, converted to per hectare basis. Its leave are modified into spines 6 This is also an insect-ea plant. Google Scholar. For instance, soybean row spacing as wide as 36 inches is common for some parts of the US. The highest number of unmarketable and marketable fruit was recorded from a closer spacing of 60cm followed by 80cm interrow spacing with no significant difference in between. Enhanced fruit length in interaction of closer intrarow spacing (20cm) and wider inter-row spacing (120cm) could be because of reduced interrow competition for resources such as radiation, fertilizer, and moisture. Wind passage along the interrows is enhanced which increases gas exchanges and prevents excessive humidity; 3. Number of primary branches per plant: the number of primary branches of randomly selected 10 plants from each plot was recorded. For this example, the rows should be spaced 3.03 m apart, resulting in precisely 3.5 m spacing between each plant in all . These particular examples result in multiple row arrangements. The centre of origin for tomato assumed to be the Andean zone. As demand for organic food continues to rise, organic agriculture has attracted both longtime producers and new farmers into the industry. Agriculture & Food Security In contrast with the current result, other findings indicated that higher marketable yield was recorded from wider interrow spacing than closer spacing [16, 17]. Days to 50% flowering: when the flowering was noticed in the 50% of the plants per plot, it was considered as 50 percent flowering and days taken to this stage were considered as days to 50 percent flowering and expressed in number. Measure the distance between the rows of trees. 3, pp. Statistical procedures for agricultural research. Correct seed. Conversely, the excessive shading effect of other plants is minimized thus favoring more efficient photosynthesis and improved crop yield; 2. As shown in Table 1, interrow spacing significantly (<0.05) affected the number of marketable and unmarketable fruit yield, whereas the main effect of intrarow spacing and its interaction with interrow was not significant (>0.05). Also includes beans and climbing peas. Row spacing. 2011;21(4):6925. Under What Conditions? The partial budget analysis as described by CIMMYT [18] was done to determine the economic feasibility. The highest fruit length (7.63cm) was recorded from the interaction of 20120cm intra- and interrow spacing, but statistically at par with other spacing interactions except 12040cm. (2003) Economic analysis of row spacing for corn and soybean. This system of planting arrangement is likewise common in coconut farms where fruit trees like durian, lanzones, and mangosteen are grown in single rows between coconut. W. Assefa, B. Tesfaye, and L. Dessalegn, Influence of inter and intra-rows spacing on yield and yield components of tomato cultivars, Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol. The longest days to 50% flowering (39.86) were recorded at wider (15cm) intra-row spacing, while the shortest (37.75) were recorded at narrow (5cm) intra-row spacing (Table2). Main effect of intrarow spacing on yield and yield components of tomato at Shewarobit. The plants spaced in rows 45cm apart produced taller plants (131.00 cm), followed by optimum (35cm) and closer (25cm) distance between row giving 126.20 and 121.88 cm, respectively. Input the Total plants and Plants per row to get the total Plant spacing you need for your hedge's length. It is located at 11 55 N latitude and 37 20 E longitude at an altitude of 1380m.a.s.l (meters above sea level). The present result was in line with Lemlem [26] who obtained no significant effect of plant density on hundred seeds weight of soya bean. Conversely, Papadopoulos and Ormrod [18] found low proportion of unmarketable fruit grade of tomato under greenhouse condition which is grown in wider spacing. The average plant height of 10 randomly selected plants per plot was measured and expressed in centimetres (cm). Grain yield was significantly highest when crop sown at 45 cm inter row spacing and 15 cm intra row spacing in all the individual years and in pooled results except in pooled results it was at par with 60 and 75 cm . December 2009 to April 2010 cropping season to assess the effects of intra-row spacing and variety on yield and yield components of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Check your inbox or spam folder to confirm your subscription. When crops are not properly spaced, they tend to compete for growth enhancement parameters like water, nutrient, and air. J Anim Plant Sci. Res J Agric Environ Manag. What is the Critical Period for Weed Control (CPWC)? Farmers in some moisture stress areas of Ethiopia effectively use and produce it to supplement their protein needs [9]. The data were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS), version 9.2 (2009). East-west row orientation is preferred to maximize light absorption, but this is not always possible. Marketable fruit yield was significantly (<0.05) affected by inter- and intrarow spacing, whereas the interaction effect of intra- and interrow spacing was not significant (Table 1). Herbicide-resistant (HR) weeds are becoming an increasingly severe threat to farms across the country. 26142619, 2017. The result also indicated that all interrow spacing interacted with 30cm intrarow spacing do not show significant difference in fruit length. Crop Protection 71:101108. Interaction effect of inter- and intrarow spacing significantly (<0.05) affected fruit length. Plant spacing is one of the agronomic factors which significantly affect tomato production. Ali MZ, Khan MA, Rahaman AK, Ahmed M, Ahsan AF. The seeds were sown in June and harvested in October. If diseases that are favored by longer periods of leaf moisture are a concern, consider planting resistant cultivars. Sarhad J Agric. There is also evidence that narrow rows may promote disease incidence in susceptible crops. The maximum plant height (148.9 cm) was with 10 20 cm spacing. For example, peanut or mungbean can be dibbled between two adjacent rows of corn. Studies have shown that weeds must be managed early and during the CPWC to protect crop yield and decrease the number of seeds the weeds produce at maturity. The adjacent blocks are separated by a space that may remain vacant or planted to other crops. These contrasting results might be due to variations in crop management practices, variety, and environmental conditions where the crop is grown. For most tillers, rows should be at least 36 inches wide. Row spacing. 1924, 2013. On some farms, the intercrop consists of multiple rows of such crops as coffee, cacao, and banana. The planting was carried out in rows that were 2.00 m long, with an intra-row spacing of 0.10 m and an inter-row spacing of 0.50 m. The planting locations were employed as three replications. [5], it is consumed in every household in different modes, but in certain areas, such as Wallo, Hararge, Shewa, Jimma, and Wallaga, acts as important costaple food. Hence, it may produce large-sized fruits, as there will be sufficient light and available nutrients for plants. This could be due to high plant population per unit area. Our Ag Calculators are a useful tool to help you calculate your corn seed spacing, drill callibration, soybean replants, and much more. Hussain M, Mehmood Z, Khan MB, Farooq S, Lee DJ, Farooq M. Narrow row spacing ensures higher productivity of low tillering wheat cultivars. Some gardeners prefer slightly wider rows for certain crops like okra because its just a pain, literally, to have to harvest without some headroom. Dessalegn L. Snap bean production and research status (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Ethiopia. It is an important wide-spreading, herbaceous and annual legume pulse crop cultivated mostly by traditional farmers [2]. 4 well This is an insect-ea Regarding the effect of intra-row spacing, the aboveground dry biomass increased with a decrease in intra-row spacing where the highest aboveground dry biomass yield (4009.92kgha1) was recorded at narrow intra-row spacing of 5cm, which had a significant difference with 10cm, while the lowest aboveground dry biomass yield (3296.67kgha1) was recorded at wider intra-row spacing of 15cm (Table8). Not applicable since the study involved mung bean plants. The maximum plant height (79.83 cm) was recorded at inter-row spacing of 20, 30 and 40 cm (Table 2 ). The combined main effect of intra- and inter-row spacing had a significant (P<0.01) effect on harvest index (Table1). Marketable fruit number per hectare: those fruits from the ten tagged plants, which were free from visible damage, insect pest, diseases and not extra small-sized (>20g), were considered as marketable. ha-1) and harvest index (47%) were obtained for varieties BH-661 and BH-QPY-545 in 2016 and 2015, respectively. Interaction effect of inter- and intrarow spacing on plant height and fruit length of tomato. Crop variety register. (a) Oxygen (b) Carbon monoxide (c) Carbon dioxide (d) Nitrogen, specific characteristics. It is easy to calculate or count the plant population in a given farm area. An intrarow and interrow spacing of 20100cm and 20120cm resulted in tallest plants and widest fruits, respectively. This planting arrangement is common inmultiple croppingin which two or more crops are grown on the same piece of land. Studies with cotton have shown some benefits for increased competition with weeds; however, production in narrow rows has led to an increase in trash (leaf and stem tissue) in harvested fibers. p. 135-136). The spacing were 15x30 cm, 25x30 cm, 35x30 cm and 45x30 cm giving a plant population densities of 22,222, 13,333, 9,524 and 7,407 plants/ha, respectively. What is the difference in seed spacing and plant spacing? W. T. Kelley and G. Boyhan, Commercial Tomato Production Hand Book, The University of Georgia and Ft, Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA, USA, 2010. Effect of inter- and intra-row spacing on yield and yield components of Planting peanut at 30 cm inter-row spacing dually increased grain and fodder yields compared to planting at 60, and 75 cm. what is intra row spacing in agriculture - mycbscebu.com Plant population plays an important role as it is one of the most important yield contributing characters [13]. PDF Effects of Intra-Row Spacing on Vegetative Growth Performance of Potato 2, pp. 3 This is a desert plant. Fruit diameter (cm): the diameter of 10 randomly selected fruits per each plot at each harvest was measured using a caliper meter, and their average is expressed as fruit diameter. [9] reported that the shortest fruit length was recorded from a closer intrarow spacing of 20cm. Closer spaced crops tend to shade out competing weeds once the crop leaves begin to form a canopy over the middle of the rows. Results of the economic analysis of the present experiment showed that the maximum net benefit of Ethiopian birr (ETB) 22,185.7ha1 with an acceptable marginal rate of return (MRR) (>100%) was obtained from planting of mung bean with 4015cm spacing (Table9). In multiple cropping byintercropping, the intercrop can be planted in any of the following ways: (Abellanosa AL, HM Pava. NMSA (National Metrological Services Agency) Bahir Dar Branch. This result is in line with Samih [19] who reported that when beans are planted at the lower planting densities, the plants required more number of days for flowering. What is ROPS on a Tractor? A long-term study in wheat has demonstrated that narrowing row spacing from 6 or 9 inches to 4 inches increased wheats competitiveness against goosegrass and gardencress. 4 What are the two methods of sowing seed? The treatments include three intra-row spacing (20 cm, 30 cm and 40, 50 cm). For plowed garden plots, row spacing is often determined by the width of your rotary tiller. The experiment was conducted at Shewarobit, Kewet (Figure 1) district of North Shewa zone, Amhara national regional state. Precision agriculture is a method of applying inputs at the correct rate and place in the field to achieve the best crop growth stage. Experiments were conducted at the National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tohoku Agricultural Research Center, in Morioka, Iwate Prefecture, Japan (3944N, 1417E), in 2016 and 2017. . Therefore, farmers can use 20cm intrarow spacing and 60cm interrow spacing for planting of tomato seedling of Weyno variety. (2023 Edition), Tractor Safety 101: All You Need to Know! The treatment comprises of three intrarow spacing (20, 30, and 40cm) and four interrow spacing (60, 80, 100, and 120cm) replicated three times and arranged in randomized complete block design using tomato variety Weyno. Daniel Tadesse. On the other hand, the lowest unmarketable fruit yield was recorded from 120cm inter- and 40cm interrow spacing, which was statistically at par with 100cm interrow spacing. Branch and reproductive structures are more dependent on cell division, which are mostly determined by the genetic characteristics of the plant. Significant (<0.01) differences was observed in plant height due to the main effects of inter- and intrarow spacing. Jha, P., Kumar, V., Godara, R., Chauhanc, B., (2017) Weed management using crop competition in the United States: A review. Significant interaction effect of inter- and intra-row spacing was observed for days to maturity, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, grain yield, harvest index, days to flowering, plant height and aboveground dry biomass yield. 12. Row spacing and faster canopy closure are important factors for the Critical Period for Weed Control (CPWC). 2014;2(3):305. Unmarketable fruit number per hectare: fruits with cracks, rotting, damage by insects, diseases, and birds, and sunburn, as well as extra small-sized fruits, were collected from ten tagged plants and were considered as unmarketable. You can not choose any length of plot if you are comparing different intra row. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. For most crops such as beans, corn, tomatoes, eggplant, peppers, okra, peas and squash, 36-inch row spacing would be the minimum. Precision agriculture has emerged as an approach to apply inputs at the right place and rate in the field, and as close as possible to the optimum crop growth stage. [9] reported that the interaction effect of inter- and intrarow spacing significantly affects both marketable and unmarketable yield of tomato. This way you can go back between the rows and lightly cultivate for weed control until the crop starts to fill in between the rows. Its leaves have hair and are linged in the middle which folds itself when an insect A very small plant which cannot be seen with naked eyes. 2008;3(4):6668. intercrop. Desalegne [6] reported that many varieties of tomato including fresh and processed varieties are popular and economically important vegetable crop in small and large-scale farming. SAS (Statistical Analysis System). A higher number of plants is related to a higher number of fruit clusters and a higher number of fruits and, thereby, higher yield [12, 13]. 2, no. 2010;4:618596. Which Indian tribes used the bow-and-arrow? 565573, 1990. The seeds were separately drilled into the beds, covered lightly with a film of loosed soil, and mulched immediately using dry grasses. It is reported that tomato was domesticated in Mexico and that the name of tomato was derived from the tomatil in the Nahua tongue of Mexico [1]. Farmers may have the opportunity to decrease seed and labor cost and to increase mung bean yield and ultimately improve their livelihoods through adopting the appropriate management practices. Another practice is instrip intercropping, for example, the simultaneous growing of 6 rows of corn and 12 rows of soybean in alternating stripes. Weed Science 56:408-415. How can you remove stains from knotty pine? TT and DT were involved in analysis, methodology, writing, reviewing and editing of research proposal and manuscript. How to Market Your Business with Webinars? The experiment was laid in a randomized complete block design with three replications in a factorial arrangement of four inter-row (20, 30, 40 and 50cm) and three intra-row (5, 10 and 15cm) spacing using mung bean variety Rasa (N-26). Some varieties of it are eaten by man. BoA (Bureau of Agriculture), Kewet Woreda Agriculture Development Office, Annual Report, BoA (Bureau of Agriculture), CSA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2000. The action you just performed triggered the security solution. Study on seed quality and performance of some mung bean varieties in Bangladesh. 6 How does inter row spacing affect plant height? While narrow rows can improve weed management, some diseases are favored by narrow rows because the soybean foliage and soil surface remains wet for longer periods of time. Precision agriculture has emerged as an approach to apply inputs at the right place and rate in the field, and as close as possible to the optimum crop growth stage. With regard to the effects of intra-row spacing, the maximum plant height (80.43 cm) was recorded at narrow intra-row spacing of 5 cm (Table 2 ). Abuzar MR, Sadozai GU, Baloch MS, Baloch AA, Shah IH, Javaid T, Hussain N. Effect of plant population densities on yield of maize. Narrower row spacings reduce the emphasis on herbicides which in turn reduces selection pressure for herbicide-resistant biotypes. Part of PDF EFFECT OF INTRA ROW SPACING AND VARIETY ON THE GROWTH - ResearchGate Data were collected on the following:Plant height (cm): the plant height was measured from the base of the plants to the terminal growing point of the main stem at the end of the third harvest. Multiply the square footage of the planting bed by the plants needed per square foot to determine the number of plants needed. M. M. Maboko, C. P. Du Plooy, and S. Chiloane, Effect of plant population, fruit and stem pruning on yield and quality of hydroponically grown tomato, African Journal of Agricultural Research, vol. 5, no. , ter plant. Effect of row spacing and seeding rates on growth yield and yield components of chickpea. Spacing 22x9.5 cm resulted in 26.85 tons per hectare production, which had attractive marketable bulb diameter and weight. The interaction between closer distance between rows and within plants (25 x 15 cm) recorded maximum (166.75) days to maturity, followed by 25 x 22cm (162.95 days) and 35 x 15cm (161.85 days) respectively. Narrow row soybean is considerably more competitive against many weed species due to earlier canopy closure than in wide row soybean. The reason for the higher marketable fruit yield in the narrow interrow and intrarow spacing could be attributed due to more plant populations per unit area. 5060, 2011. The grain contains 24.2% protein, 1.3% fat and 60.4% carbohydrate [6]. From agronomic data to farmer recommendations: an economics training manual. The longest days to 90% maturity (65.17) were recorded at interaction of 50cm inter- and 15cm intra-row spacing, while the shortest days to 90% maturity (60.5cm) was recorded at 20cm inter- and 5cm intra-row spacing (Table3). Spacing is not just the space between your crops, it is the adequate feeding area or the most convenient area required by a particular plant to thrive and develop well. The treatments consisted of factorial combinations of three each of inter and intra spacing of 50, 75 and 100cm . The ideal spacing between the rows in your garden provides ample room for your plants to grow and for you to work in. Somta P, Srinives P. Genome research in mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) and black gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper). Gebre Wedajo. Please note that where retained stubble is dense, it may not be physically possible to carry out inter-row cultivation. 1992. Many scientists reported that narrow row spacing resulted in maximum seed yield over board . Yagoob H, Yagoob M. The effects of water deficit stress on protein yield of mung bean genotypes. Shibles, R.M., Weber, C.R. This license lets others remix, adapt, and build upon our work even for commercial purposes, as long as they credit GROW.org and license their new creations under the identical terms. The highest fruit diameters from wider inter- and intrarow spacing than closer ones will be due to less competition for light and nutrients. A. O. Gemechis, P. C. Struik, and B. Emana, Tomato production in Ethiopia: constraints and opportunities, 2012, http://www.tropentag.de/2012/abstracts/full/659.pdf. A study conducted in Michigan tested four soybean seeding rates along with three-row spacings (7.5, 15, and 30-inch rows) and demonstrated the economic viability of planting in rows as narrow as 7.5-inches. [16] who indicated that higher number of marketable fruits is obtained on closer spacing. 25, no. Effect of plant density on flowering date, yield and quality attribute of bush beans (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) under center pivot irrigation system. How do I calculate the plant distances in the row? Box 1937, Woreta, Ethiopia, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. It is extensively produced by small-scale farmers and commercial producers and widely consumed fresh or processed. between intra row spacing and variety showed that the use of wider row spacing in combination with the varieties improved the plant height, stem girth and number of pods significantly. The present result is in line with Shamsi and Kobraee [21] who found taller plants were recorded at narrow spacing, while the shortest plants at wider spacing on mung bean. Its se stores water and performs functions of leaves. On the other hand, this result disagrees with Ara et al. A field trial was conducted during the 2009/2010 cropping season at the Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching and Research Farm at Dabagi to investigate the effects of inter and intra row spacing on the growth and fodder yield of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp Variety Kanannado). Row Spacing - Getting Rid Of Weeds On the other hand, in contrast with this result, Chernet et al. Asfaw A, Fekadue Gurum F, Alemayehu S, Rezene Y. Palmer amaranth is among the most damaging HR weeds, and is well known for growing far taller than soybean. A space between plots is provided to allow passage. Similarly, interaction effect of inter- and intrarow spacing significantly affected plant height (Table 2). Generally, this research result showed that an intrarow spacing of 20cm increased marketable fruit yield and an interrow spacing of 60cm resulted higher marketable fruit yield, unmarketable fruit yield, and the number of marketable and unmarketable fruit yield. When spacing your rows, the goal is to maximize crop growth and yield while out-competing weeds. Effect of inter- and intra-row spacing on yield and yield components of Each crop has a different CPWC which depends on the intrinsic biology of the crop (or even the variety) and environmental factors. Narrow row spacing reduces the time the crop needs to close the canopy, thereby providing rapid shading and decreasing weeds competitive abilities and simultaneously decreasing the reliance on herbicides later in the season. As a result of it, the two parameters were analyzed in separate locations. This is a common practice of maximizing the use of vacant interrow spaces when the maincrop has not fully developed thus allowing sufficient light exposure. With wider rows there is less shading of the ground and weeds densities are often higher; lack of crop shading allows weeds to grow taller and for relatively longer periods of time. In the contrary, different researchers reported higher plant height in closer spacing than wider spacing [17, 22, 23]. The prolonged days to 90% maturity with the lowest population density or wider inter-row and intra-row spacing might be due to less competition of light interception, high availability of growth resources that promote luxurious growth enhanced the lateral growth and prolonged maturity. The current result was in accord with the results of Chernet et al. If they are too close together, it can be difficult for farmers to get around the garden to weed, spray pesticides, or inspect the crop. It is about the distance between crops. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Ogundare et al. The world annual production area of mung bean is about 5.5 million hectare with a increase in rate of 2.5% per annum [4]. There is a considerable difference in the life cycle and the duration of maturity in different crops, All crops have a similar life cycle and duration of maturity. EverythingAsk.com LTD 2023 All Rights Reserved. Plant density is determined either by seed rate (for broadcast planting) or by inter- and intra- row spacing (for row planting). 5, pp. 2012;14:4138. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Inter-row plant spacing effects on grain and fodder yields, growth (g/plant) and final yield (3.00 ton/ha). The author has an hindex of 1, co-authored 1 publication(s) receiving 40 citation(s). The average production is incomparable with the average yield of other countries such as China (59.4tons ha1), India (24.6 tonsha1), USA (96.8tons ha1), Turkey (68.8tons ha1), and Egypt (40.9tons ha1) [8]. Sci Asia. Moreover, our finding is in line with Mehmet [23] who stated that as spacing gets wider, there will be more interception of sunlight for photosynthesis, which results in the production of more nutrients for partitioning toward the development of more branches. Narrow intra-row spacing did not significantly . Weed seed production can replenish the soil seedbank with new seeds, which can be a problem in the following years. Mehmet OZ. In some cases, multiple postemergence herbicide treatments are not needed due to the weed suppression caused by soybean competition.
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